What is Back Pain?
Back pain is a common condition that affects people of all ages. It can range from mild discomfort to severe, disabling pain. It can occur in the upper, middle, or lower back and may be acute (short-term) or chronic (lasting longer than 3 months).
Types of Back Pain
Back pain can be classified based on duration and origin:
A. Based on Duration
- Acute Back Pain: Lasts less than 6 weeks, often due to injury or strain.
- Subacute Back Pain: Lasts between 6 to 12 weeks.
- Chronic Back Pain: Persists for more than 12 weeks, often due to underlying conditions.
B. Based on Origin
- Mechanical Back Pain: Caused by strain, posture, or degenerative changes (e.g., muscle strain, herniated disc).
- Radicular Back Pain (Sciatica): Pain radiating from the lower back down the leg due to nerve compression.
- Inflammatory Back Pain: Related to conditions like arthritis or autoimmune diseases.
- Referred Pain: Pain originating from other organs (e.g., kidney stones, pancreas issues).
2. Causes of Back Pain
Musculoskeletal Causes:
- Muscle strain or ligament sprain
- Herniated (slipped) disc
- Spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal)
- Osteoarthritis or spondylosis
- Scoliosis (spinal curvature)
Nerve-Related Causes:
- Sciatica (compression of the sciatic nerve)
- Nerve impingement due to herniated disc
Postural & Lifestyle Factors:
- Poor posture (sitting or standing incorrectly)
- Sedentary lifestyle or lack of exercise
- Repetitive strain injuries (e.g., heavy lifting, improper movements)
Medical Conditions:
- Osteoporosis (weak bones)
- Infections (e.g., tuberculosis of the spine)
- Tumors or cancer (rare)
3. Diagnosis of Back Pain
A physiotherapist or doctor may perform:
Physical Examination:
- Checking posture, flexibility, and muscle strength.
- Assessing pain triggers and movement restrictions.
Neurological Tests:
- Reflexes, sensation, and strength assessment to check nerve involvement.
- Straight leg raise (SLR) test for sciatica.
Imaging Tests (if needed):
- X-ray: To check for fractures or arthritis.
- MRI/CT Scan: To detect herniated discs, nerve compression, or soft tissue injuries.
- Bone Scan: If infection or tumors are suspected.
4. Physiotherapy Treatment for Back Pain
Physiotherapy plays a crucial role in reducing pain, improving mobility, and preventing recurrence.
A. Pain Management Techniques
- Hot/Cold Therapy: Ice packs for acute pain; heat therapy for chronic pain.
- TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation): Electrical stimulation to reduce nerve pain.
- Ultrasound Therapy: Helps in deep tissue healing and pain relief.
B. Manual Therapy & Mobilization
- Spinal mobilization to restore joint function.
- Myofascial release and soft tissue massage to reduce muscle tightness.
- Dry needling (if applicable) to relieve trigger points.
C. Exercise Therapy
Stretching Exercises:
- Hamstring stretch
- Lower back stretch (child’s pose, cat-cow stretch)
- Sciatic nerve glides (for nerve pain)
Strengthening Exercises:
- Core strengthening (plank, bird-dog exercise)
- Glute bridges for lower back stability
- Pelvic tilts to improve spinal mobility
Postural Correction & Ergonomic Training:
- Advice on sitting and standing posture.
- Proper lifting techniques to prevent strain.
- Workspace setup modifications (for office workers).
D. Lifestyle Modifications & Education
- Avoid prolonged sitting and maintain an active lifestyle.
- Maintain a healthy weight to reduce spinal load.
- Sleep on a supportive mattress and use proper pillow support.
Symptoms of Back Pain
- Dull or sharp pain in the back
- Limited range of motion or stiffness
- Pain that radiates to the legs, buttocks, or arms
- Muscle weakness or numbness (in severe cases)
- Pain worsening with movement or prolonged sitting/standing
Prevention Tips
- Exercise regularly to strengthen back and core muscles.
- Maintain a healthy weight to reduce strain on the spine.
- Practice good posture when sitting and standing.
- Lift objects properly by bending the knees, not the back.
- Use ergonomic furniture for work and sleep.
When to Seek Physiotherapy for Back Pain?
- If pain persists for more than 2 weeks.
- If the pain radiates to the legs (sciatica symptoms).
- If there is numbness, tingling, or muscle weakness.
- If daily activities are affected due to pain or stiffness.
